Also known as a Dorling Map or Circle Cartogram.

A Dorling Cartogram is a Cartogram variation where each geographic region is represented by a circle, with the area being proportional to the data value being visualised geographically.

The circles in a Dorling Cartogram are positioned approximately in their corresponding geographic locations while avoiding any overlapping between them. This helps maintain a rough sense of the original geography and spatial relationships.

A variant of the Dorling Cartogram is the Demers Cartogram, which uses squares instead of circles and helps to reduce the gaps between shapes. While the Dorling Cartogram aims to keep each object’s final position as close as possible to its original geographical location, the Demers Cartogram sacrifices this to maintain contiguity.

Tools to generate this chart with:
ArcGIS
bertin.js
D3.js
Datawrapper
R (ggplot2, cartogram, sf)
Scimago Graphica
Vega